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Objectives In this retrospective observational study, we investigate outcome of patients treated with or without covered stent (CS) implantation in the management of coronary artery perforation (CAP) during coronary intervention. ...
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Objectives In this retrospective observational study, we investigate outcome of patients treated with or without covered stent (CS) implantation in the management of coronary artery perforation (CAP) during coronary intervention. Background CSs have shown to be effective devices to achieve acute hemostasis in large CAP. However, doubts have been raised regarding their long-term outcome. Methods Data of 19 061 PCI procedures during a 10-year period were reviewed. Fifty-five cases of large CAP were withheld (Ellis type 2, 3 or cavity spilling). All medical and procedural records of these cases were retrospectively reviewed. Results Twenty-four (43.6%) patients were treated with CS implantation (15 polytetrafluoroethylene and 9 pericardium CSs). Twenty-six (47.3%) patients were managed without CS implantation, of whom five had unsuccessful delivery of a CS (stent delivery failure 17.2%). Although significantly more Ellis type-3 perforations were present in the CS group compared to the Non-CS group (75.0% vs 45.2%; P = 0.03), in-hospital mortality was not significantly different (8.3% vs 6.4%; [P = 0.79]). We observed a high rate of CS restenosis (29.2%) but a lower rate of CS thrombosis (4.2%). Despite these observations, 5-year MACE and all-cause mortality were not significantly different between CS and Non-CS group (respectively, 58.8% vs 50.0% (P = 0.26) and 26.7% vs 13.3% (P = 0.36)). Conclusion Although deliverability of CSs was not flawless and a high rate of CS restenosis appeared, short- and long-term outcome were comparable between patients treated with or without CS. Therefore, CSs are justifiable in the treatment of CAP.
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Kounis syndrome has been established as a hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various conditions, drugs, environmental exposures, foods and coronary stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reac...
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Kounis syndrome has been established as a hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various conditions, drugs, environmental exposures, foods and coronary stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are associated with this syndrome. Vasospastic allergic angina, allergic myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis with occluding thrombus infiltrated by eosinophils and/or mast cells constitute are the three reported, so far, variants of this syndrome. Apart from coronary arteries, it affects the cerebral and mesenteric arteries. Its manifestations are broadening and its etiology is continuously increasing. Kounis syndrome is a ubiquitous disease which represents a magnificent natural paradigm and nature's own experiment in a final trigger pathway implicated in cases of coronary artery spasm and plaque rupture. Kounis syndrome seems to be not a rare disease but an infrequently diagnosed clinical entity which has revealed that the same mediators released from the same inflammatory cells are also present and in acute coronary events of non allergic etiology. These cells are not only present in the culprit region before plaque erosion or rupture but they release their contents just before an actual coronary event. Therefore, awareness of etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations seems to be important for its prognosis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention.
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Background-Long-term clinical outcomes of everolimus-eluting stent (EES) compared with sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) have not been evaluated fully yet, especially whether EES implantation could positively affect late adverse event...
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Background-Long-term clinical outcomes of everolimus-eluting stent (EES) compared with sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) have not been evaluated fully yet, especially whether EES implantation could positively affect late adverse events reported after SES implantation occurring >1 year. Methods and Results-In this all-comer prospective multicenter randomized open-label trial, 3196 patients were assigned randomly to implant either EES (n=1596) or SES (n=1600). At 3 years, EES was noninferior to SES on the primary safety end point (all-cause death or myocardial infarction; 10.1% versus 11.5%; noninferiority P <0.001; and superiority P=0.19). Cumulative incidence of defnite stent thrombosis was low and was not signifcantly different between the 2 groups (0.5% versus 0.6%; P=0.81). There was no signifcant difference in the effcacy end point of target-lesion revascularization between the EES and SES groups (6.6% versus 7.9%; P=0.16). However, the cumulative incidence of target-lesion failure (cardiac death/target-vessel myocardial infarction/ischemia-driven target-lesion revascularization) was signifcantly lower in the EES group than in the SES group (8.8% versus 11.4%; P=0.01). By a landmark analysis at 1 year, the cumulative incidence of very late stent thrombosis and late target-lesion revascularization was not signifcantly different between the 2 groups (0.2% versus 0.2%; P=0.99 and 2.2% versus 2.9%; P=0.21, respectively). Conclusions-The effcacy and safety outcomes for this trial after EES implantation remained comparable with those after SES implantation through 3-year follow-up. However, improvement of clinical outcome after EES implantation compared with SES implantation was suggested by the signifcantly lower cumulative incidences of target-lesion failure, which has been the most widely used primary end point in the stent-versus-stent trials.
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Objectives: The Multicentre registry with Antiplatelet TReatment two-sIX months (MATRIX) evaluated safety and efficacy at 12-month follow-up of Janus Flex stenting with 2- or 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) period. Backgro...
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Objectives: The Multicentre registry with Antiplatelet TReatment two-sIX months (MATRIX) evaluated safety and efficacy at 12-month follow-up of Janus Flex stenting with 2- or 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) period. Background: There are no data of Janus Flex stent (Carbostent and Implantable Devices-CID, Saluggia, Italy), a polymer-free, tacrolimus-eluting coronary stent, followed by short-term DAT, in daily practice. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled at 12 high-volume procedures centres. After stenting, four sites prescribed 2-month DAT, eight sites 6-month DAT. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis (ST) rate was evaluated at 12-month follow-up, for entire population, as well as for 2- and 6-month DAT groups, distinctly. MACE included cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Results: From March 2007 to June 2008, 572 patients (mean age 64.91 ± 11 years, 77.45% males) were enrolled. After successful stenting, 12-month follow-up showed a 12.74% MACE occurrence (cardiac death 0.98%; MI 3.13%; TLR 8.62%), with good Janus Flex safety profile confirmed by only two (0.39%) ST. After adjustment for potential confounding, no significant differences were noted at 12-month follow-up among 2- or 6-month DAT groups (MACE-8.99% versus 12.47%, P = 0.16; cardiac death-0.54% versus 1.14%, P = 0.52; MI-2.38% versus 2.71%, P = 0.83; TLR-5.66% versus 10.60%, P = 0.20; ST-0% versus 0.55%, P = 0.99). At multivariable analysis, DAT time duration was not an independent risk factor for adverse events (adjusted HR 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.16-1.35, P = 0.16). Conclusions: Janus Flex coronary stenting, followed by short DAT, is safe and feasible, without differences between 2- and 6-month DAT groups. A randomized trial confirming these encouraging data is needed.
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Varenicline (Champix, Chantix) has been available for use in smoking cessation since 2006. This drug has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Potential mechanisms for this association include modulation of parasymph...
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Varenicline (Champix, Chantix) has been available for use in smoking cessation since 2006. This drug has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Potential mechanisms for this association include modulation of parasymphathetic output from the brainstem to the heart, release of catecholamines and prothrombotic effect. We report the case of a 30-year-old man with no known cardiac disease, who developed thrombotic occlusion of left anterior descending artery and presented with acute coronary syndrome secondary to treatment with varenicline. The Naranjo probability scale indicates that varenicline was the probable cause of the myocardial infarction.
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To the Editor:Thrombogenesis plays a major role in acute coronary syndromes. Smoking leads to endothelial dysfunction and predisposes to thrombus formation in coronary arteries.A 28-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with a c...
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To the Editor:Thrombogenesis plays a major role in acute coronary syndromes. Smoking leads to endothelial dysfunction and predisposes to thrombus formation in coronary arteries.A 28-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with a complaint of typical chest pain. He had no prior history of cardiac disease and no coronary risk factor other than smoking. On physical examination, his arterial blood pressure was found to be 120/60 mm Hg, and his heart rate was 88 bpm. A mild systolic ejection murmur was noticed at the left sternal border. The presenting electrocardiography revealed sinus rhythm, ST segment elevation in leads VI-6, and reciprocal ST segment depression in leads DII, III,and AVF. Troponin T, CK, and CK-MB values were elevated. Medical therapy, including clopidogrel, aspirin, intravenous nitroglycerine, and subcutaneous enoxaparine was started. He underwent cardiac catheterization immediately. Severe thrombus rich lesions were detected both in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the circumflex artery (Cx), and the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa inhibitor, tirofiban infusion was started (Figure 1). Direct stent implantation was performed for the critical LAD culprit lesion. The patient became asymptomatic.
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Enhanced expression of tissue factor (TF) may result in thrombosis contributing to acute clinical consequences of coronary artery disease. Several studies demonstrated elevated plasma levels of TF in patients with acute coronary s...
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Enhanced expression of tissue factor (TF) may result in thrombosis contributing to acute clinical consequences of coronary artery disease. Several studies demonstrated elevated plasma levels of TF in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of our study was to compare the concentrations of TF in coronary sinus (CS), proximal part of the left coronary artery (LCA) and peripheral vein (PV) of patients with ACS and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). Time course of the TF plasma levels in PV was followed on day 1 and day 7 after index event of ACS presentation and was compared to day 0 values. No heparin was given prior to the blood sampling. Twenty-nine patients in the ACS group (age 63.6 +/- 10.8 years, 20 males, 9 females) and 24 patients with SCAD (age 62.3 +/- 8.1 years, 21 males, 3 females) were examined. TF plasma level was significantly higher in patients with ACS than in those with SCAD (239.0 +/- 99.3 ng/ml vs. 164.3 +/- 114.2 ng/ml; p=0.016). There was no difference in TF plasma levels in PV, CS and LCA (239.0 +/- 99.3 ng/ml vs. 253.7 +/- 131.5 ng/ml vs. 250.6 +/- 116.4 ng/ml, respectively). TF plasma levels tended to decrease only non-significantly on the day 7 (224.4 +/- 109.8 ng/ml). Significant linear correlation between TF and high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels on day 0 was found. In conclusion, TF plasma levels are elevated in patients with ACS not only locally in CS but also in systematic circulation. Our data support the relationship between TF production and proinflammatory mediators.
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Objectives: This INDOLIMUS Registry sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the biodegradable polymer coated Indolimus VR sirolimus-eluting coronary stent for the treatment of coronary artery disease across a wide range of p...
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Objectives: This INDOLIMUS Registry sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the biodegradable polymer coated Indolimus VR sirolimus-eluting coronary stent for the treatment of coronary artery disease across a wide range of patients treated in routine clinical practice, including those with high-risk characteristics and complex lesions. Background: First-generation drug-eluting stents utilize nonbiodegradable polymeric coatings, whose persistent presence in the arterial wall may negatively affect long-term outcomes. It has been hypothesized that persistent presence of polymer may compromise the safety of drugeluting stents, and that therefore biodegradable polymer coatings might reduce late adverse events in an unselected patient population. Methods: All 530 consecutive unselected patients (415 males and 115 females) included who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention at the Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India between August 2012 and March 2013, with an in-hospital, at 30-days and at 6-months follow-up. Retrospective analysis of those data had been done. Results: A total of 617 lesions were treated in 530 enrolled patients (mean age 54.9 +/- 10.8 years) with average stent length of 18.8 +/- 6.0 mm. An average of 1.18 stents was implanted per patient. The patients' characteristics are noted as having 169 (31.9%) patients of diabetics and 215 (40.6%) hypertension. Smoking, alcoholism and tobacco chewing were found in 273 (51.5%), 130 (24.5%) and 17 (3.2%), respectively. The indications for intervention were unstable angina in 77 (14.5%) and previous myocardial infarction in 56 (10.6%) of the patients. Lesions were of type B2 in 264 (42.7%) and type C in 127 (20.6%). Stent delivery was successful in all cases and in-hospital, 30-days and 6-months follow-up of all 530 patients was obtained. The incidence of any major adverse cardiac events at in-hospital, at 30-days and at 6-months were 5 (0.94%), 8 (1.52%), and 18 (3.40%), respectively. Long term follow-up of this registry is ongoing to confirm safety and efficacy profiles. Conclusions: The relatively low event rate that was observed in INDOLIMUS Registry indicates that the biodegradable polymer coated Indolimus VR sirolimus-eluting coronary stent can achieve excellent clinical performances in a large group of patients. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Objectives: We studied the acute safety and feasibility of a pericardium-covered stent (PCS) in the obliteration of massive coronary thrombus. Background: Thrombus is frequently encountered in the setting of acute myocardial infar...
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Objectives: We studied the acute safety and feasibility of a pericardium-covered stent (PCS) in the obliteration of massive coronary thrombus. Background: Thrombus is frequently encountered in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, and conventional pharmacological and aspiration approaches are not always successful in dispersing or removing it, especially when it is very substantial. Methods: We treated nine patients (10 lesions) in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome characterized by the presence of substantial (TIMI grade 3-4) thrombus in a large caliber native coronary artery, persisting after conventional treatment, with percutaneous implantation of an equine PCS graft. Nine of 10 lesions were in large right coronary arteries. Results: Deployment was successful in nine of 10 lesions. In all nine cases, the filling defect was immediately eliminated and there was restoration or maintenance of TIMI grade 3 blood flow. There was one in-hospital stent thrombosis in a 56-year-old male, who had only received aspirin due to a coexistent stroke. This patient underwent successful repeat percutaneous intervention but died later of complications of the stroke. There were no 30-day events, and medium-term follow-up continues. Conclusions: A PCS graft is a potentially useful device to treat massive thrombus burden in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. A larger study is warranted.
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Stent thrombosis (ST) after percutaneous coronary intervention has been the focus of intense interest because of its attendant morbidity and mortality. There is controversy about several facets of the problem. These include the fr...
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Stent thrombosis (ST) after percutaneous coronary intervention has been the focus of intense interest because of its attendant morbidity and mortality. There is controversy about several facets of the problem. These include the frequency of ST with drug-eluting stents (DES) versus bare-metal stents (BMS), the timing of the event, clinical consequences, risk factors, adjunctive therapy, and new preventive approaches. Information has accrued rapidly from several sources, including randomized controlled clinical trials of DES versus BMS in carefully selected subsets of patients and registry experiences in larger patient groups, which provide a more universal real-world picture. The results from these different data sets are not completely concordant. However, several general conclusions can be made: 1) ST is an infrequent but very severe complication of both BMS and DES; 2) at the present time, during 4 years of follow-up from randomized controlled trials that compared DES and BMS, there is no apparent difference in overall ST frequency, although the time course for occurrence appears to differ, with a relative numeric excess of ST late after DES implant; 3) despite this relative imbalance, no differences in the end points of death or death and infarction between DES and BMS are observed; 4) longer-term follow-up of these patients as well as larger angiographic and clinical subsets of patients who receive this technology outside of randomized trials are required to fully study this issue; and 5) advances in stent platforms for drug elution as well as adjunctive pharmacologic therapy are being evaluated to enhance long-term safety.
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